Table 5

Random and fixed effects estimates of EPI vaccination rates on HRH densities (β coefficients presented; standard errors in parentheses) (N = 560; # provinces = 80)

Random effects
 Fixed effects


Baseline
 Model I
 Model II
 Model I
 Model II
Log HRH density
 0.00
 0.24*
 0.50**
 0.00
 0.00
 0.07
 0.29
 0.00
 0.00


0.00
 (0.10)
 (0.20)
 0.00
 0.00
 (0.20)
 (0.20)
 0.00
 0.00
Log HRH density * Time Trend
 0.00
 0.00
 -0.11**
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 -0.12**
 0.00
 0.00


0.00
 0.00
 (0.04)
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 (0.04)
 0.00
 0.00
Log GP density
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.12
 0.35
 0.00
 0.00
 -0.06
 0.15


0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 (0.10)
 (0.20)
 0.00
 0.00
 (0.10)
 (0.20)
Log GP density * Time Trend
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 -0.13**
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 -0.15**


0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 (0.05)
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 (0.05)
Log nurse/midwife density
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.06
 -0.13
 0.00
 0.00
 0.02
 -0.19


0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 (0.09)
 (0.20)
 0.00
 0.00
 (0.10)
 (0.20)
Log nurse/midwife density * Time Trend
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.09
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.10


0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 (0.05)
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 (0.05)
Log health officer density
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.08
 0.36*
 0.00
 0.00
 0.11
 0.44*


0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 (0.08)
 (0.10)
 0.00
 0.00
 (0.10)
 (0.20)
Log health officer density * Time Trend
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 -0.097**
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 -0.11**


0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 (0.04)
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 (0.04)
Time trend
 -0.31**
 -0.29**
 -1.04**
 -0.29**
 -1.60**
 -0.30**
 -1.16**
 -0.30**
 -1.84**


(0.05)
 (0.05)
 (0.30)
 (0.05)
 (0.40)
 (0.05)
 (0.30)
 (0.05)
 (0.40)
Time trend-squared
 0.062**
 0.059**
 0.060**
 0.059**
 0.055**
 0.061**
 0.062**
 0.061**
 0.056**


(0.01)
 (0.01)
 (0.01)
 (0.01)
 (0.01)
 (0.01)
 (0.01)
 (0.01)
 (0.01)
Log GDP/capita
 0.09
 0.09
 0.10
 0.11
 0.13
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00


(0.10)
 (0.10)
 (0.10)
 (0.10)
 (0.10)
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
Log % adult female illiteracy
 -1.44**
 -1.28**
 -1.30**
 -1.26**
 -1.30**
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00


(0.20)
 (0.20)
 (0.20)
 (0.20)
 (0.20)
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
Log Land area
 -0.01
 0.02
 0.02
 0.02
 0.03
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00


(0.07)
 (0.06)
 (0.07)
 (0.06)
 (0.07)
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
Constant
 -0.88
 0.58
 2.36
 0.87
 3.70*
 1.82
 3.36*
 1.92
 5.16**


(1.20)
 (1.30)
 (1.60)
 (1.50)
 (1.90)
 (1.20)
 (1.50)
 (1.40)
 (1.80)
R-squared (within)
 0.26
 0.26
 0.30
 0.26
 0.34
 0.26
 0.30
 0.27
 0.35
R-squared (between)
 0.67
 0.72
 0.71
 0.73
 0.69



R-squared (overall)
 0.50
 0.52
 0.53
 0.53
 0.54



F-test: HRH = 0†
 0.00
 0.00
 10.90
 6.62
 20.30
 0.00
 5.72
 0.23
 3.90
P-value

<0.01
 0.09
 <0.01
<0.01
 0.88
 <0.01
F-test: GP = GP * Time Trend = 0
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 8.41
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 6.83
P-value



0.02


<0.01
F-test: Nurse/Midwife = Nurse/Midwife * Time Trend = 0
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 6.63
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 2.06
P-value



0.04


0.13
F-test: Health officer = Health officer * Time Trend = 0
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 7.18
 0.00
 0.00
 0.00
 4.36
P-value



0.03


0.02
F-test p-value: Fixed Effects = 0
0.15
 0.16
 <0.01
 <0.01



** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05

†Includes all main effects and interaction terms, where applicable

Mitchell et al. Human Resources for Health 2008 6:29   doi:10.1186/1478-4491-6-29

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